The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry listed below show how using enzymes instead of chemical catalysts leads to more sustainable processes that are safer, more energy efficient and less wasteful.
#1 Prevent Waste
Unlike harsh chemicals, enzymes are remarkably specific in their synthesis. No by-products are generated, and the enzymes themselves are completely biodegradable.
#2 Maximize atom economy
As the starting material is selectively converted into only the desired product, enzyme biocatalysis contributes to maximizing the atom economy of the overall process.#3 Design less hazardous chemical syntheses
Bio-transformations are mainly performed in water, or using Class 3 solvents, which implies a lower toxic potential compared to the use of chemical catalysts
#4 Design safer chemicals and products
Enzymes are per definition non-toxic, which means that using them to replace metal catalysts or toxic chemicals leads to a safer process with less waste.
#5 Use safer solvents and reaction conditions
As product transformations in water, or Class 3 solvents, can be performed under ambient/moderate temperature conditions, the use of biocatalysts carries little safety risk.
#6 Increase energy efficiency
Biocatalysts reduce both the number of synthetic steps, and the condition requirements for reactions with biocatalysts (no temperature/pressure requirements). Both lead to lower energy consumption.
#7 Use renewable feedstocks
Enzymes work well on a renewable starting material, as both are sourced from nature. The enzymes themselves are manufactured using large-scale fermentation with a microbial source a starting material.
#8 Avoid chemical derivatives
The unparalleled selectivity towards the desired end-product without the need for multiple protec- tion/deprotection steps, avoids the use of several chemicals, including any of their derivative steps.
#9 Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents
Enzymes are effective biological catalysts and a small amount of enzymes goes a long way. When immobilized in smaller granulates, their recyclability increases even further.
#10 Design chemicals and products to degrade after use
Enzymes are biodegradable so no additional effluent treatment is required.
#11 Analyze in real time to prevent pollution
High selectivity and no formation of by-products, prevent waste treatment and/or pollution.
#12 Minimize the potential for accidents
With the ease of handling, safe application and minimal exposure risks, biocatalysis also minimizes the risk of accidents compared to hazardous chemicals.
